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The powerful and loyalDogo Argentinois a strain originating from Argentina in1928 . Bred from various eyetooth strain , this hefty , white - coated wienerwurst endure 24 - 26.5 inch magniloquent and can librate 80 - 100 pounds .
With an impressive bite force of500 PSI , theDogo Argentinois a redoubtable protector , but requires experienced owners to decent educate and socialize this intelligent and athletic stock .
While the Dogo can make a lovingfamily associate , they have the electric potential for aggression if not properly handled . Potential ownersmust study the Dogo ’s shedding , health issues , and exerciseneeds .
For the right proprietor , the Dogo Argentino ’s devotion is unmatched .
Table Of Contents
Key Takeaways
Breed Overview
Intrigued by the Dogo Argentino ’s compelling origins and story ? This strong yet faithful stock boasts an impressive banner , with quotation and vogue across the earth . From its exceptional hunt power to its intricate disposition , the Dogo Argentino is a breed that demands prudent intellection regarding wellness , care , education , and socialization . countenance ’s delve deeply into the particulars .
Origins and History
TheDogo Argentino , a breed renowned for itsformidable snack forceanddevotion , has anintriguing past . Originating in Argentina in 1928 , this breed was conceive by Dr. Antonio Nores Martinez , who sought to create a hotdog that merged the vigorand agilityofdiverse strain , such as the Cordoba struggle frankfurter , Pointer , Great Dane , Bull Terrier , Boxer , Bulldog , Pyrenean Mastiff , and Irish Wolfhound .
The breed was developed with an emphasis on pursuinglarge gamesuch as unfounded wild boar and puma , as well as itsunwavering braveryand commitment as a associate . The Dogo Argentino quickly pull in favour among Orion in the westerly United States . Notwithstanding its unnerving hunting abilities , the stock has encounter challenge owing to its ancestry of campaign dogs , which has raise care regarding aggression and suitableness for inexperienced owners .
The Dogo Argentino is asubstantial stock , with Male reach heights of 24 - 26.5 column inch and females standing at 24 - 25.5 inch magniloquent , weighing between 80 - 100 pounds . This strain is distinguished by itsshort , white coatand muscular frame . The Dogo Argentino is n’t merely a potent Orion but also aversatile breed , adept at fulfilling various character , ranging from a family guardian to a spirited playmate .
The breed ’s extrusion has burgeoned over the years , with the Dogo Argentino receive realisation fromthe Argentine Kennel Clubin 1964 , FCI in 1973 , andthe American Kennel Clubin 2020 . Despite its potential difference as a hunting and guard dog , the Dogo Argentino is n’t appropriate for all due to its strong - willed nature , necessitating a unhesitating , experienced owner .
Breed Standard
TheDogo Argentino breed standardmirrors itsgenesis and function . Developed in Argentina in the 1920s , the stock emerged from a portmanteau ofdiverse breeds , including the Viejo Perro de Pelea Cordobés , Pointer , Great Dane , Bull Terrier , Boxer , and Bulldog . ab initio utilized for dog oppose and hunt tumid plot , the stock ask a eyetooth not just robust and athletic but also endowed with a slap-up sense of odour and the content to chase quarry .
The Dogo Argentino ’s breed standard has undergone nicety over time to embody the breed’shistorical significanceandcultural influence . It ’s aformidable and impose hot dog , renowned for itsbrief whitened coatandmuscular physique . The stock exhibits intelligence agency , strenuosity , and bravery , rendering it a seek - after companion for those seek a loyal and affectionate friend .
The breed banner concurrently underscores the Dogo Argentino ’s assertive nature , which can model challenges to novice owners . The strain demands a able possessor who can impartially prepare and socialize it to ascertain its possible aggression against other wienerwurst and alien .
Regarding precaution and maintenance , the Dogo Argentino is a strain that requires considerable attention , call for consistent practice and a well - balanced diet to nourish its well - being . Its short white coat disgorge moderately and demand periodic dressing to eliminate loose hair .
Recognition
Recognized worldwide , Dogo Argentino‘s bite force is 500 PSI , making it a powerful protector .
Popularity
Despitelegal restrictions , the Dogo Argentino ’s fast temperament bolster up its popularity as a protector .
Hunting Abilities
chance upon the search prowess of theDogo Argentino , a breed known for its powerful olfactory organ , lung capacity , and belligerent inherent aptitude .
Temperament
encompass the Dogo Argentino ’s disposal is crucial for prospective proprietor . This breed is renowned for its resilience andpossible aggression , demanding knowledgeable , resolute , and ordered owner .
Dogos may exhibit hostility toward unfamiliar dog , someone , and evenknown frump . Nonetheless , they ’re also devoted , warm , and expressive companions that flourish in close law of proximity with their families .
With appropriatetraining and socialization , Dogos can become suitable family click , but they are n’t advise forinexperienced ownersor those hope a scummy - endeavour favorite .
Health Issues
Understand Dogo Argentino health issues for responsible for possession .
Care and Training
Essential for your Dogo Argentino ’s well - being arecare and training . training , eating , exercise , and activitiesare vital parts of their care . Training should be consistent and positive , sharpen on their natural instinct .
Socialization
socialise early , continuously , with animals , in wide-ranging preferences , for a well - rounded companion .
Living Conditions
Living Conditions for a Dogo Argentino are paramount for their well - being and contentment . This unnerving breed necessitatesample elbow room to roamand example , preferably on a farm or spread , where they can investigate and luxuriate in theirinnate hunting inclinations . They flourish in environments that erupt their intellectual and body , as they may become listless and disruptive if their requirements are n’t carry through .
A Dogo Argentino’sexercise requisitesare material , and they require a minimum of 60 minutes ofvigorous exerciseeach day to preserve their physical and mental well - being . They ’re also predispose tohip dysplasia , a common orthopedic ailment afflictinglarge dog stock , which can result in arthritis as they mature . consequently , provide them with anenclosed yardfor child’s play and leash - control walks is indispensable for their wellness and seaworthiness .
Regardingdietary requirements , Dogo Argentinos call for a regime tailor-make for large breed dogs with an teemingness of refreshed , unpolluted water . They ’re a extremely up-and-coming breed , so their feeding penury will fluctuate from puppyhood to adulthood . quotidian veterinary examinationsand dental guardianship are also full of life to stave off health concerns .
Developing a close bond with a Dogo Argentino is a gratifying enterprise , as they ’re renowned for theirfidelity and affectionfor their owners . They ’re also discerning and trainable , rendering them desirable for various roles , include hunting , law enforcement , hunt and rescue , and even inspection and repair dogs .
Bite Force
You may be surprised to learn that the Dogo Argentino packs an telling bite force of 500 PSI , touch some of the most muscular canines . While this effectiveness make the breed well - befit for hunt and aegis , it also take experienced owners who can properly train and socialize these bounder to prevent aggressive behavior .
Measuring Bite Force
Understandingbite forceis essential for dog training and guard . quantify in pounds per square inch units , it ’s a critical aspect of dog behavior and aggression prevention .
Dogo Argentino’s Bite Force
The Dogo Argentino’sbite military force , measured in pounds per square inch ( PSI ) , is an impressive 500 PSI . This persuasiveness is a outcome of its powerful jaw and is an essential trait for hunting and protecting .
Comparing Bite Forces
The Dogo Argentino , a robust and gymnastic breed , is renowned for its unnerving bite effect . Comparing bite force play among dissimilar breed can offer valuable insights into their hunt prowess and disposition . Here are three primal points to be cognisant of :
It is crucial to remember that a strong bite force does n’t necessarily make a breed aggressive or dangerous . The Dogo Argentino , while powerful , can be a loving and truehearted companion with propersocialization and breeding .
Impact on Prey
Dogo’shunting styleshowcases authorization , with pack behavior enforcing a clean-cut societal hierarchy over prey instincts .
Safety Considerations
As a responsible dog proprietor , live thebite forceof yourDogo Argentinois vital for prophylactic . With a bite force of 500 PSI , this breed is strong and can break clappers . However , it ’s authoritative to remember that bite force alone does n’t set a dog’saggressionor potential luck . The Dogo Argentino ’s morsel force is just one part of its overall demeanour and disposition .
To reduce the risk of infection of strong-growing behavior , right trainingand socialization are cardinal from a young years . This includes teaching your Dogo Argentino in force behavior and lessening the chance of aggression towards the great unwashed and other animals . Always watch yourdog around children and other pets , and check that your yard is securely fenced to forbid escape .
In some cases , strain - specific laws may restrict or banish certain breed , including the Dogo Argentino , in certain area . It ’s important to checklocal regulationsand verify you may de jure have this breed in your area .
Training and Socialization
Train your Dogo Argentino with patience and consistence . Start with basic obedience , rope and crate training . Clicker training can help reinforce positive behaviors . Enroll inpuppy socializationclasses .
Preventing Aggression
To avert aggression in your Dogo Argentino , it ’s vital to make leadership and control triggers from an former age . Here are some steps to come after :
Legal Implications
As a scrupulous owner of aDogo Argentino , it ’s paramount to comprehend thejuridical ramificationsof possess a canine with such apotentbite military group . While the stock is n’t inherently belligerent , it ’s vital to notice that the Dogo Argentino was cultivated topursue , rape , and quail at prey * * , which can render them redoubtable and potentially wild if not managed suitably .
One of the most significant juridical implications is the prospect of culpability in the event of a bite or assault . Insurance providers may not furnishculpability coveragefor Dogo Argentino owner , make it imperative to consult with your indemnity agent prior to acquiring a puppy . moreover , in certain Carry Amelia Moore Nation , the strain is nix or constrained , necessitating exceptional permits or importation regulation .
Breed prejudice is another concern , as the Dogo Argentino ’s ill fame as acombat breedhas occasioned its inclusion body onproscribed rostersin numerous countries . This can deliver it challenging to locate a Dogo Argentino for adoption or acquisition , and it ’s full of life to guarantee that any stock breeder adheres to ethical practice and prioritise the well - being of their eyetooth .
creditworthy breeding practices are fundamental to addressingpotential health concerns , such aship dysplasiaand deafness , which can attest in the breed . By selecting a reputable stock breeder who conducts requisitehealth screeningsand provides a nurturing surround for the puppy , you may aid in ensuring that your Dogo Argentino is Edward Everett Hale and content .
Aggression
As a Dogo Argentino proprietor , you should be mindful that the breed is considered aggressive due to its fighting dog ancestry . However , with proper socialization and education , Dogo Argentinos can make loyal and loving menage associate if handled responsibly .
Breed Characteristics
Dogo Argentinos , Argentina ’s esteemed export , swank a spotless coat , noteworthy height ( 24–26.5 inches ) , and substantial weight ( 80–100 pounds ) .
Aggression Towards Humans
translate your Dogo Argentino ’s aggression actuate . Temperament testingcan help . As an proprietor , you bear province for your pet ’s behavior . Breed reputation does n’t define your dog . effectual liabilities for aggressive dogsare real .
Aggression Towards Other Dogs
Aggression organise at other dogs is a coarse issue with the Dogo Argentino breed . It ’s of the essence to guarantee adequate socialisation and role assessment . Breed compatibility , frankfurter acculturation , and accountable ownership are central consideration in handling aggression .
Reducing Aggression
To reduce hostility in your Dogo Argentino , pore onearly socialization , disposition testing , and responsible possession . Engage in aggression management techniques , and vouch strain - specific legislation is followed .
Breeding for Temperament
As a responsible for dog proprietor , you appreciate the significance of breeding practices in work the temperament of your Dogo Argentino . This formidable stock , celebrated for its loyalty and strength , can be an exceptional companion with the appropriate leadership . Here are some pivotal stop to mull when breed for temperament :
Responsible Ownership
As a responsible Dogo Argentino owner , it ’s substantive to dig the breed ’s unequaled traits and necessities . This self-asserting breed , renowned for its devotion and strenuosity , requires adult superintendence , leash instruction , and socialising groups to guarantee a collaborative and secure environs for both the pawl and its family . Here ’s a mesa to aid in understanding the vital principle of creditworthy Dogo Argentino ownership :
Health
As a Dogo Argentino owner , you ’ll need to be proactive about your puppy ’s wellness . unconstipated veterinary checkups , a nutritious diet , and equal exercise are substantive for preventing common issues likecanine hip dysplasiaand maintaining your Dogo ’s overall well - being .
Common Health Issues
Understanding and addressingtypical health problemsis paramount forconscientious Dogo Argentino ownership . Periodic health exams and inherited showing can mitigate veterinary costs and guarantee breed saving . Breeding responsibly is fundamental to upholding the well - being and wellness of these robust guardians .
Breeding for Health
Importance of Responsible Breeding for Dogo Argentino
For the health and well - being of the Dogo Argentino breed , responsible raising practices areessential . Here are key peak tokeep in mind :
Preventative Care
Preventative attention is your Dogo ’s armour against wellness woes , a stitch in time that saves nine .
Veterinary Care
As a responsibleDogo Argentino owner , you recognize the significance ofconsistent veterinary carefor your treasure fellow traveler . Veterinary test , vaccination , deworming , anddental checkupsare paramount to uphold your dog ’s well - being and warding off potential wellness concerns .
During veterinary examinations , your Dogo Argentino will undergo a comprehensive check - up to discover any likely wellness topic . vaccination are essential to safeguard your dog from various diseases , and your veterinarian will order a vaccination schedule tailor-make to your dog ’s years and lifestyle . Deworming is also imperative to curb the transmittance of intestinal sponger , which can cause discomfort and potentially intensify to more severe health issues .
Dental checkups are essential for maintaining your Dogo Argentino ’s oral health . These checks can help avertdental disease , which is prevalent in the strain and can lead to more serious health problems if neglected . Regular dental tending at home , including sweep your frankfurter ’s teeth at least twice a calendar week , can also chip in to maintaining the health of their tooth and gum .
Nutrition
As a Dogo Argentino owner , you discern the import of provide your canine associate with a well - rounded and nourishing diet to uphold their wellness and well - being . This breed has particular dietary requirement , and it ’s essential to select the appropriate nutrient to vouch their flourishing . Here are some substantial aspects to keep in brain when feeding your Dogo Argentino :
Exercise
Engage your Dogo Argentino ’s powerful energy with exercise routines designed specifically for their stock . Running , lightness training , and organized walks are essential for their wellness and well - being .
Grooming
Keep your Dogo Argentino ’s coat looking its best with these grooming bakshish :
Training
Training a Dogo Argentino take commitment , consistency , and forbearance . You ’ll postulate to focalise on basic obeisance , in advance control , and socialization from an former old age to curb the breed ’s natural protective instinct and possible aggressiveness .
Basic Training
get on troika education your Dogo Argentino ? It ’s an military expedition ofreciprocal complaisance . Crate education and lav - training are your fundamental pillars , whileobedience directivesand clicker education mold a well - behave protector . Bear in mind , constancy is your steadfast ally in this training sojourn .
Advanced Training
As your Dogo Argentino grows , it ’s fourth dimension to concenter onadvanced training . This include teaching more complex dictation and continuingtemperament training . Socialization challenges may come up , so be aware of sound responsibility . recollect , eubstance and patience are primal .
Specialty Training
As your Dogo Argentino grow , it ’s sentence to explore specialty training . This breed is known for its powerful bite force and loyalty , making them splendid for off - leash breeding , obedience , trailing , and protection . Here are four fashion to raise your Dogo ’s skills :
Behavioral Training
As your Dogo Argentino develop , it ’s essential to handlebehavioral issues . apathy breeding can aid in check aggressiveness , while socialisation strategies are indispensable for a well - developed frank . grooming proficiency should be firm but just , emphasizingpositive reinforcementwhenever feasible . Bear in intellect , longanimity and consistency are fundamental .
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is a critical facet of Dogo Argentino education . apply training equipment like clickers and goody to incentivize your dog . Establish pack leaders through laterality theory , but avoid excessive force . Remember , longanimity is all important .
Consistency and Patience
Consistency and solitaire are cardinal when civilize aDogo Argentino . understand their disposition magnetic declination and breed suitableness can help manage aggression and improve family line compatibility . preparation challengesmay uprise , but with persistence and cocksure reinforcement , your Dogo Argentino can become a loyal and loving companion .
Professional Help
Regarding training your Dogo Argentino , expert assistance can be super good . Behavioral dominance methods , such as addressingaggression gun trigger , are vital for your dog ’s growth . Bear in brain , ownership debt instrument encompass both assessing temperament and uninterrupted training .
Early Socialization
substantive socialization is pivotal for your Dogo Argentino puppy ’s ontogenesis . It aids inmitigating fearfulness , fostering a sense of belongingwithin a pack , and promotingemotional stableness . Theoptimal timefor socialization spans theinitial three monthsof your puppy ’s lifetime , as this flow indelibly mold their future disposition and conduct .
Gradually exposing your puppy to adiverse rangeof individuals , surround , and scenarios can profoundly bear upon their temperament . Initiate by usher in them tovarying type of people , encompassing new and elderly individuals , those adorned with facial haircloth , eyewear , or top dog coverings , and individuals utilizing canes or wheelchairs . present them with an regalia of audio , such as sirens and vacuum cleaner , and dissimilar textures , including rug , hardwood , roofing tile , and lino surface .
yield these experiences positive by offering reward and commendation . Fragment treatsinto diminutive portions to facilitate digestion by your pup . Additionally , strive tomaintain composureand refrain from drown your puppy with an exuberant inflow of stimuli simultaneously .
employ the entire family line in the socialization process to assist your puppy in acclimating todifferent individuals . Proceed carefully , incrementally exposing them to a broader reach of stimuli and novel experiences . Commence with a blue-ribbon few kinfolk members , subsequently enter them to case-by-case alien .
Once your pup exhibits margin for a modest tier of stimulation , venture into public spacessuch as pet shop , familiarity ’ hall , and various street within your neck of the woods . This will equip them with the power to navigate diverse situations fittingly and come delight from interacting with a change of people .
Continuous Socialization
Socialization With Other Dogs
When socializing your Dogo Argentino with other dogs , timing is key . Chooseneutral venuesto invalidate territorial tiffs , and usepositive reinforcementto pilot the obstacles of canine communication . It ’s a dance of diplomacy , where every mitt stair counts .
Socialization With Humans
incorporate your Dogo Argentino with humans is all important for its holistic outgrowth . Introduce your heel to diverse preferences , including nipper and seniors , toprevent ill will . Dog ballpark can be advantageous , but ascertain that your heel is well - conduct and manoeuvre clear of potential confrontations . Bear in thinker , a well - integrated Dogo Argentino is a contented , ego - control comrade .
Socialization With Other Animals
Socializing your Dogo Argentino with other beast is essential for their well - being . Begin socialization early and introduce them to various animals , including dogs , cat , and even birds . Consider hound parks , but check that they ’re desirable for their eld and are oversee . creature behaviorists recommendsocialization techniques tailored to the strain to serve your Dogo Argentino become a well - rounded companion .
Socialization in Different Settings
socialize your Dogo Argentino in different setting is essential for their overall development and well - being . This stock is known for its persuasiveness , loyalty , and protective nature , which must be aim in the good direction through right socialization and obedience education . Here are some tips for socializing your Dogo Argentino in various preferences :
Socialization for Different Purposes
Socialization for Various Aims ( breeding )
enculturation is a vital component of training your Dogo Argentino . It ’s imperative to scupper your cad to divers situations , individuals , and animals to further their well - roundedness and self - assurance . Here are some guidelines on socialization for disparate purposes :
Living With a Dogo Argentino
Living with a Dogo Argentino requires dedicating yourself to their strong physical exertion needs , from daily walking to play sessions in a impregnable yard . You ’ll also need to cautiously supervise their dieting and health , as this powerful breed is prostrate to certain conditions that require weather eye and proactive fear .
Exercise Requirements
YourDogo Argentinocraves practise intensity and oftenness ; think daily marathon , not sprints , in a secure location to issue their boundless energy and spirit .
Dietary Needs
To guarantee your Dogo Argentino remains George Ellery Hale and full-blooded , count these dietetic tips :
Health Maintenance
Maintaining the health and well - being of your Dogo Argentino is preponderating for a long and rewarding partnership . mundane veterinary precaution is essential , and honorable breeding pattern are key to debar health concern . Here are of the essence wellness sustentation hint for your Dogo Argentino :
Bonding With Your Dog
Bonding with your Dogo Argentino is essential for a strong relationship . Here are four ways to beef up your bond :
Handling and Care
Caring for your Dogo Argentino is a labor of erotic love . Brush their coating weekly , trim nails monthly , and bath only when rightfully needed .
Consistent , positive preparation and socialising are key to building a strong adhesiveness with your powerful Dogo Argentino companion .
Owning a Dogo Argentino
When welcoming a Dogo Argentino into your sprightliness , it ’s imperative to contemplate ethical breeding practices and responsible adoption alternatives . guarantee your Dogo ’s accession to appropriate health care , encompassing routine check - ups and indispensable treatments , will safeguard their vitality and well - being throughout their existence .
Breeding
TheDogo Argentino , a powerful and loyal strain , has a rich history that start in Argentina in1928 . Dr. Antonio Nores Martinez , a MD and passionate dog lover , set out to create a unexampled breed by cross several pureblood with theOld Fighting Dog of Cordoba , a strong and vigorous dog native to the part . The breed was evolve for huntingbig plot , such as furious boar and pumas , and was known for its long suit , doggedness , and shrewd sensory faculty of smell .
The breeding history of the Dogo Argentino is marked by a focal point ongenetic diversityandconservation efforts . Dr. Nores Martinez cautiously take breeds with desirable trait , admit theGreat Dane , Pointer , Bull Terrier , Boxer , Bulldog , Pyrenean Mastiff , Irish Wolfhound , and Spanish Mastiff . This crossbreeding aimed to make a versatile and gymnastic dog that could handle the diverse terrain and weather status of Argentina .
As the breed gained popularity , it faced ethical implications due to its extraction as a crusade dog . Breeders and enthusiast have worked to raise responsible breeding practices and emphasize the breed ’s strength as a working hot dog and family companion . TheAmerican Kennel Clubrecognized the Dogo Argentino in2020 , further legitimize its status as a respected stock .
stock saving is an on-going fear for Dogo Argentino enthusiast . The strain is comparatively rarefied in North America and requires careful breeding to exert its unique characteristics and health . The breed ’s rarity also makes it a subject of interest for those assay a singular and knock-down fellow traveller .
Adoption
borrow a Dogo Argentino involve a thorough understanding of their temperament and suitability for your home environment . The espousal process should includetemperament testingandresponsible possession educational activity . By cater a worthy home and guarantee proper training , you could love the dedication and protection this stock offer .
Health Care
As a Dogo Argentino owner , you ’re accountable for their well - being . Comprehendhip dysplasia , BAER examination , andcanine wellness . Consistent veterinary attention is fundamental . Conscientious breeding safeguards healthy puppies . Provide aliment specifically invent for large - breed pups . Exercise and preparation are indispensable .
Ethical Considerations
As aresponsible Dogo Argentino owner , you must consider ethical breeding recitation , ownership responsibilities , and right handling . socialising is essential for managing breed report and contract aggression .
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the typical lifespan of a Dogo Argentino?
Well , the Dogo Argentino’slifespanis no walk in the park – you ’re looking at 10 to 12 years on average . But hey , with the right TLC , these puppy can really live on it up and keep you on your toes .
How often should a Dogo Argentino be bathed and brushed?
You only require to bathe and brush your Dogo Argentinooccasionally – maybeonce or twice a calendar month . Their short , sleek pelage does n’t require much maintenance . Just keep an eye on the skin and give ’em a near dressing when needed .
What are the common health issues faced by Dogo Argentinos?
As a powerful breed , Dogo Argentinos can facejoint issueslikehip dysplasia . Proper nutriment , exercise , and veterinary aid are key to keeping your pup ’s manus in bakshish - top contour . stick vigilant , and you ’ll have a loyal companion for years to come .
How much exercise does a Dogo Argentino require daily?
As anenergetic puppy , your Dogo Argentino ask avigorous daily physical exercise – think lively walkway , romp in the yard , and engaging playtime . Their knock-down physique call for regular exercise to stay set and message . Do n’t skimp on keeping this acrobatic breed participating !
What is the recommended diet for a Dogo Argentino?
For a muscular breed like the Dogo Argentino , you ’ll desire to feed a high - quality large - stock puppy food that stick out their strong bones and muscle . Be sure to monitor their appetite and adjust portions consequently .
Conclusion
Remarkably , theDogo Argentinoboasts a snack personnel of500 PSI – about twice that of a Rottweiler .
With their potential foraggression , Dogo Argentino owner must be fix to invest significant clip and effort into handling this breed responsibly .
While this hefty guardian breed makes for a dedicated and loyal fellow traveller , the Dogo Argentino requires anexperienced ownerto properly train and socialize this intelligent and athletic heel .
at long last , the Dogo Argentino ’s devotion is one and only , but only for those uncoerced to touch its alone needs .
